Definitions and meaning of mal
mal
Translingual
Etymology
Clipping of English Malayalam or Malayalam മലയാളം (malayāḷaṁ).
Symbol
mal
- (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Malayalam.
See also
-
- Wiktionary’s coverage of Malayalam terms
English
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /mæl/
-
- Rhymes: -æl
Etymology 1
Borrowed from French mal (“illness”). Doublet of malus.
Noun
mal (plural mals)
- (only in set phrases) illness, affliction.
Derived terms
- (illness): grand mal, petit mal, mal de mer, mal du Suisse
Related terms
See also
Etymology 2
Clipping of malibu.
Noun
mal (plural mals)
- (surfing) A longboard (type of surfboard).
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Clipping of malleolus.
Noun
mal (plural mals)
- (medicine, informal) A malleolus.
Derived terms
See also
Anagrams
- ALM, AML, LAM, Lam, Lam., M.L.A., MLA, alm, lam
Afrikaans
Etymology
From Dutch mal, from Middle Dutch mal.
Adjective
mal (attributive mal, comparative maller, superlative malste)
- crazy
- Synonym: gek
Inflection
Derived terms
Albanian
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Albanian *mala, from Illyrian *mol-on. Vladimir Orel proposed Lithuanian malà (“land”) and Latvian mala (“bank, shore”) as cognates. Proto-Albanian *mal- reflecting an ancient Balkan toponym. Preserved in patroynms, ethnonym malësor (“highlander, mountaineer”), in toponym (historical and ethnographic region) Malësia (north Albania and Montenegro). In Kosovo (Malishevë, Gjilan, Mališevo, Prizren), in Serbia (Maleševo (Golubac), Maleševo (Rekovac)) and the name of Maleshevo Mountain (North Macedonia and Bulgaria). Gil'Ferding proposed Sanskrit मरु (marú, “wilderness, mountain, rock”) as a cognate.
According to Michel Morvan a common pre-Indo-European substrate with Basque malda (“slope”) and malkor (“precipice”) (cf. pre-Indo-European geonymic root *mal (*mel, *mol), Tamil மலை (malai, “hill, mountain”) and Malayalam മല (mala, “id”)).
La Piana and Huld suggested Old English molda (“forehead”) and Sanskrit मूर्धन् (mūrdhan, “head, top, summit”), both derived from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥Hdʰṓ. Also connected to Ancient Greek *μλωθρός (*mlōthrós), μέλαθρον (mélathron, “ridgepole”), βλαστάνω (blastánō, “to sprout, grow”). Compare also Ancient Greek βλωθρός (blōthrós, “lofty”), Avestan 𐬐𐬀-𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬋 (ka-mərəδō, “demon's head”), with a semantic development from ‘head’ > ‘summit’, compare malë (“tongue tip, tree top”)) > ‘mountain’.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [mal] (Standard, Tosk)
Noun
mal m (plural male, definite mali, definite plural malet)
- mount
- Mali i Korabit ― Mount Korab
- mountain
- Synonym: bjeshkë
- (Gheg) forest
- large amount of something
- Kam marrë një mal me letra. ― I've received a lot of papers.
Declension
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
- Aromanian: mal, meal
- Romanian: mal (“shore”)
References
Aleut
Pronunciation
- (Western) IPA(key): /ˈmal/
Verb
mal
- to do
References
- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
Aromanian
Alternative forms
Etymology
Cognate to Daco-Romanian mal. From Proto-Albanian *mala (“mountain”) (Albanian mal). Proto-Albanian *mal- reflecting an ancient Balkan toponym. See Albanian mal (“mountain”) for more.
Noun
mal
- shore
- pile, heap
Related terms
References
Azerbaijani
Etymology
From Arabic مَال (māl, “property”).
Pronunciation
Noun
mal (definite accusative malı, plural mallar)
- property
- Synonym: əmlak
- goods, ware, commodity, product
- Synonyms: məhsul, (formal) əmtəə
- Çindən gətirilən mallar ― goods imported from China
- (colloquial) cargo
- cattle, livestock
- cow
- Synonym: inək
- beef (mostly in combination with ət (“meat”))
- mal əti ― beef
- (colloquial, by extension) a dumb, dull person; an idiot
- Nə var, mal kimi durmusan orada? ― Don't stand there like an idiot!
- (colloquial, derogatory, by extension) a well-fed, plump woman
Declension
Derived terms
Further reading
Bouyei
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Tai *ʰmaːᴬ (“to come”). Cognate with Thai มา (maa), Northern Thai ᨾᩣ (ma), Lao ມາ (mā), Lü ᦙᦱ (maa), Ahom 𑜉𑜠 (ma), 𑜉𑜡 (mā), 𑜉𑜡𑜠 (māa), Zhuang maz.
Verb
mal
- to come
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Tai *ʰmaːᴬ (“dog”). Cognate with Thai หมา, Lao ໝາ (mā), Lü ᦖᦱ (ṁaa), Shan မႃ (mǎa), Zhuang ma.
Noun
mal
- dog
Synonyms
Derived terms
Cara
Noun
mal
- water
References
- R. Blench, The Rukul language of Central Nigeria and its affinities (2006) (mentions this word in notes)
Catalan
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈmal]
- Rhymes: -al
Etymology 1
From Old Catalan mal, from Latin malus.
Noun
mal m (plural mals)
- evil, bad
- Antonym: bé
- illness
- Synonym: malaltia
Derived terms
Related terms
Etymology 2
From Old Catalan mal, from Latin male.
Adverb
mal
- badly, poorly
- Synonym: malament
- Antonym: bé
Derived terms
- anar a mal borràs
- malestar
- prendre mal
Adjective
mal (feminine mala, masculine plural mals, feminine plural males)
- bad, poor
- Synonym: dolent
- Antonym: bo
Derived terms
- a males
- mala herba
- malament
Further reading
- “mal”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], 2007 April
- “mal”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025.
- “mal” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “mal” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Cebuano
Etymology
Borrowed from Spanish mal, apocopic form of malo (“evil”).
Pronunciation
Noun
mal
- (billiards) a foul
Verb
mal
- (billiards) to commit a foul
Cimbrian
Etymology
From Middle High German māl, from Old High German māl, from Proto-West Germanic *māl, from Proto-Germanic *mēlą (“measurement; time; meal”). Cognate with German Mal, Mahl, English meal.
Noun
mal n
- (Luserna) meal
Related terms
References
- “mal” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
Crimean Tatar
Etymology
From Arabic مال (māl, “property”).
Noun
mal
- article, product
- cattle, livestocks
Declension
References
- “mal”, in Luğatçıq (in Russian)
Dalmatian
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Latin malus.
Noun
mal
- evil, harm
Danish
Verb
mal
- imperative of male
Dutch
Etymology 1
First attested in the seventeenth century. Ultimately derived from Old French modle, an old (11th century) borrowing from Latin modulus (“measure”). Doublet of module and modulus.
Pronunciation
- Rhymes: -ɑl
-
- IPA(key): /mɑl/
Noun
mal f (plural mallen, diminutive malletje n)
- mold, cast (device to help creating shapes)
Descendants
- → Papiamentu: malchi, maltsje (from the diminutive)
Etymology 2
From Middle Dutch mal, of uncertain origin. Cognate with German malle. Possibly related to French mal (“bad”) or Dutch malen (“to grind, crush”) in the sense "broken, twisted."
Adjective
mal (comparative maller, superlative malst)
- foolish, crazy, lacking common sense
Usage notes
The adjective mal always refers to an aspect of a thing or person. It is the adjective form of the noun mallerd. For other senses, dwaas, dom and gek are used.
Declension
Derived terms
Descendants
Further reading
- van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “mal1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
Anagrams
French
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Old French mal, from Latin malus, possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“bad, wrong”). Near cognates include Portuguese mal, Italian male and Spanish malo.
Noun
mal m (plural maux)
- (as in the phrase: avoir du mal) trouble, difficulty
- Synonyms: problème, emmerde, misère, difficulté
- J'ai du mal à m'imaginer ça. ― I have trouble imagining that.
- pain
- Synonym: douleur
- J'ai mal à la tête. ― I have a headache. (literally, “I have pain at the head.”)
- evil
- Le philosophe abordait de grandes questions du bon et du mal. ― The philosopher discussed broad questions of good and evil.
- damage, harm
- Synonyms: tort, dommage
- Le mal est fait. ― The damage is done.
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
Etymology 2
From Old French, from Latin male.
Adverb
mal
- badly
- C'est mal fait. ― It's done badly.
Adjective
mal (feminine male, masculine plural maux, feminine plural males)
- (in set phrases and limited constructions) bad
- bon an, mal an ― good year, bad year
- bon gré, mal gré ― willy-nilly (literally, “good will, bad will”)
- Il est mal de [infinitive] ― It’s wrong to [infinitive]
- C'est mal de [infinitive] ― It’s wrong to [infinitive]
Synonyms
- mauvais
- méchant
- vilain
- laid
- merdique (vulgar slang)
Derived terms
Further reading
- “mal”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams
Galician
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈmal/ [ˈmɑɫ]
- Rhymes: -al
- Hyphenation: mal
Etymology 1
From Old Galician-Portuguese mal, from Latin male.
Adverb
mal
- badly
- Antonym: ben
Etymology 2
From Old Galician-Portuguese mal, from Latin malum.
Noun
mal m (plural males)
- misfortune
- bad; evil
- sickness; disease
Etymology 3
Adjective
mal m sg
- (before the noun) apocopic form of malo
Etymology 4
Attested since circa 1300 (máále), from Latin manualis (“manual”). Cognate with Portuguese mangual.
Alternative forms
- malle, mallo, manle, manlle
Noun
mal m (plural males)
- flail
- handle of the flail
- Synonyms: mango, mangueira, moca
References
- Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “mal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “maal”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “mal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “mal”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “mal”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
German
Etymology
From the noun Mal (“time”). Partly shortened from einmal, which is also derived from the noun.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /maːl/ (standard)
- IPA(key): /ma/ (colloquial)
-
- Homophones: Mahl, Mal, mahl
- Rhymes: -aːl
Adverb
mal
- times (indicating multiplication of two numbers)
- (informal) alternative form of einmal (“sometime, ever, once”), may serve to introduce new information
- (informal) Softening a sentence, thus making a request or command more polite. By extension, indicating a command or request.
Derived terms
- Malrechnung
- schon mal (schomma)
Verb
mal
- singular imperative of malen
- (colloquial) first-person singular present of malen
Further reading
- “mal (Adverb)” in Duden online
- “mal (Konjunktion)” in Duden online
- “mal (Partikel)” in Duden online
- “mal” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
Guinea-Bissau Creole
Etymology
From Portuguese mal. Cognate with Kabuverdianu mal.
Adjective
mal
- bad
Related terms
Icelandic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [maːl]
- Rhymes: -aːl
Etymology 1
From mala (“to purr”).
Noun
mal n (genitive singular mals, no plural)
- purr
Declension
Etymology 2
See malur.
Noun
mal
- indefinite accusative singular of malur
Indonesian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈmal]
- Hyphenation: mal
Etymology 1
From Malay mal.
Noun
mal (plural mal-mal)
- head
- Synonym: kepala
- top (of kris)
- Synonym: ganja
- bottom (of a blade)
- Synonym: pangkal
Etymology 2
From Malay mal, from Arabic مَال (māl).
Noun
mal (plural mal-mal)
- treasure
- Synonyms: khazanah, harta benda
- synonym of dana
Etymology 3
From Dutch mal (“mold, cast”), from Old French modle, from Latin modulus (“measure”). Doublet of modulus.
Noun
mal (plural mal-mal)
- mold, cast
- Synonyms: acuan, cetakan
- pattern
- Synonym: pola
Etymology 4
From English mall.
Noun
mal (plural mal-mal)
- shopping centre, mall
- Synonyms: plaza, pusat perbelanjaan
Further reading
- “mal” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Interlingua
Etymology
From Latin malus.
Adjective
mal (comparative plus mal, superlative le plus mal)
- bad
- evil
Adverb
mal (comparative plus mal, superlative le plus mal)
- badly, poorly
- wrongfully
Noun
mal (plural males)
- bad, badness, something bad
- evil
- illness
- pain, ache
Italian
Noun
mal m (apocopated)
- apocopic form of male
Kabuverdianu
Etymology
From Portuguese mal.
Adjective
mal
- bad
Related terms
Latvian
Verb
mal
- inflection of malt:
- second-person singular present indicative
- second-person singular imperative
Lombard
Etymology
Akin to Italian male, from Latin malus.
Adjective
mal
- bad
Mangas
Pronunciation
Noun
mal
- heart
References
- Blench, Robert; Bulkaam, Michael (2021) An Introduction to Mantsi, a South Bauchi language of Central Nigeria. University of Cambridge.
Middle English
Noun
mal
- alternative form of male
Adjective
mal
- alternative form of male
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French mal.
Noun
mal m (plural maulx)
- bad act
Descendants
Adjective
mal m (feminine singular male or malle, masculine plural maulx, feminine plural males or malles)
- bad; evil
Descendants
Adverb
mal
- evilly; badly; poorly
Descendants
Middle Welsh
Noun
mal
- tax
Miraya Bikol
Etymology
Borrowed from Malay mahal. Compare Bikol Central mahal and Tagalog mahal.
Adjective
mal
- expensive
- Antonym: barato
Norman
Etymology
From Old French mal, from Latin male.
Adverb
mal
- (Guernsey) badly
Adjective
mal
- (Guernsey) bad
Northern Kurdish
Etymology
From Proto-Iranian *dmáHnaH.
Noun
mal f
- home
- family, dynasty, house
Norwegian Bokmål
Etymology 1
From Dutch mal.
Noun
mal m (definite singular malen, indefinite plural maler, definite plural malene)
- a template
Etymology 2
Verb
mal
- imperative of male
References
- “mal” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
Etymology 1
From Dutch mal.
Noun
mal m (definite singular malen, indefinite plural malar, definite plural malane)
- a template
Etymology 2
Verb
mal
- imperative of mala
References
- “mal” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Old English
Alternative forms
Etymology 1
From Proto-Germanic *mailą.
Pronunciation
Noun
māl n
- mole (spot on the skin)
- mark, spot
Declension
Strong a-stem:
Descendants
- Middle English: mal, mole, mool
- English: mole
- Scots: mail, mold
Etymology 2
Noun
māl n
- a suit, legal case, prosecution, defense
Derived terms
References
- Joseph Bosworth, T. Northcote Toller (1898) “mál”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Old French
Etymology 1
From Latin male.
Adverb
mal
- evilly
- badly; poorly
Descendants
Etymology 2
From Latin malus.
Noun
mal oblique singular, m (oblique plural maus or max or mals, nominative singular maus or max or mals, nominative plural mal)
- evil
- pain, suffering
Descendants
Adjective
mal m (oblique and nominative feminine singular male, comparative peior, superlative peior)
- bad (undesirable; not good)
Descendants
Old Galician-Portuguese
Etymology
From Latin male (“badly; wrongly”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈmal/
- Rhymes: -al
Adverb
mal
- badly
Descendants
- Fala: mal
- Galician: mal
- Portuguese: mal (see there for further descendants)
Old Occitan
Etymology
From Latin malus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French mal.
Adjective
mal
- bad (negative)
- bad (evil)
Descendants
References
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “malus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 6/1: Mabile–Mephitis, pages 123–128
Phalura
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
Noun
mal f (Perso-Arabic spelling مل)
- goats
Inflection
i-decl (Obl): -í
References
- Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “mal”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[4], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Portuguese
Pronunciation
- Homophone: mau (Brazil)
- Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
- Hyphenation: mal
Etymology 1
From Old Galician-Portuguese mal, from Latin male (“badly; wrongly”).
Alternative forms
- mar (eye dialect spelling, representing Caipira Portuguese)
Adverb
mal (comparable, comparative pior)
- badly (in a faulty, dysfunctional or incorrect manner)
- (preceding verbs) hardly; barely
- wrong (incorrect)
- unfavourably (in an unfavourable manner)
- (in compounds) evilly
- mal-assombrado ― haunted (literally, “evilly-shadowed”)
- mal-agourado ― cursed (literally, “evilly-foreboded”)
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:mal.
Synonyms
Conjunction
mal
- have/had just; have/had barely
Quotations
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:mal.
Etymology 2
From Latin malus. Compare Italian male, Sicilian mali.
Noun
mal m (plural males)
- (uncountable) evil (malevolent forces or behaviour)
- harm
- malady (any ailment or disease, especially a lingering one)
Quotations
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:mal.
Synonyms
- (sickness or syndrome): maladia
Derived terms
Related terms
Adjective
mal
- (Brazil) misspelling of mau
Descendants
- Guinea-Bissau Creole: mal
- Kabuverdianu: mal
Romanian
Etymology
Cognate to Aromanian mal and meal. From Proto-Albanian *mala (“mountain”) (Standard Albanian mal). See Albanian mal (“mountain”) for more. On account of the name of the Roman province of Dacia Malvensis, along the Olt and Jiu rivers, it may have already possessed the sense of "riverbank" in Dacian.
Noun
mal n (plural maluri)
- shore
- riverbank
Declension
References
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *malъ, from Proto-Indo-European *moh₁los.
Pronunciation
Adjective
mȃl (Cyrillic spelling ма̑л, definite mȃlī, comparative mȁnjī)
- small
Declension
Related terms
Further reading
- “mal”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
Slovak
Pronunciation
Participle
mal
- masculine singular l-participle of mať
Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈmal/ [ˈmal]
-
- Rhymes: -al
- Syllabification: mal
Etymology 1
Apocopic form of malo, from Latin malus, possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“bad, wrong”).
Adjective
mal m (apocopate, standard form malo)
- (before the noun) apocopic form of malo bad; evil
- amiss, awry, off, wrong
Usage notes
- Mal is only used before a masculine singular noun. In other positions, malo is used instead.
Derived terms
Related terms
Etymology 2
From Latin male.
Adverb
mal (comparative peor)
- badly, poorly, ill
- awry, amiss, wrong, wrongly
- hard (functions as an adverb in Spanish but translates as an adjective in English)
Derived terms
Noun
mal m (plural males)
- evil, harm; a bad thing or situation
- de mal en peor ― from bad to worse
- disease, illness, ailment
- worse (substantive)
- para bien o para mal ― for better or for worse
Derived terms
Further reading
- “mal”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
Swedish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /mɑːl/
-
-
- Rhymes: -ɑːl
Etymology 1
From Old Norse mǫlr, from Proto-Germanic *malwan, from Proto-Indo-European *molH-(y)o-. See also Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍉 (malō) and German Milbe.
Noun
mal c
- moth
- wels catfish, Silurus glanis
Declension
See also
- fjäril c
- larv c
- nattfjäril c
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
mal
- inflection of mala:
- imperative
- present indicative
References
- mal in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- mal in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- mal in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
Anagrams
Turkish
Etymology
From Ottoman Turkish مال (mal), from Arabic مَال (māl, “property”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈmɑɫ/
-
- Hyphenation: mal
Noun
mal (definite accusative malı, plural mallar or (dated) emval)
- cattle
- goods, property
- asset
- (economy) merchandise
- (law) goods, commodity
- (colloquial, derogatory) (no equivalent expression; likely) an expendable or ignorable stupid and annoying person, douche, prick
- (slang, vulgar) a prostitute
- (slang) heroin
Declension
Related terms
Further reading
- “mal”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
West Albay Bikol
Etymology
Borrowed from Malay mahal. Compare Bikol Central mahal and Tagalog mahal.
Adjective
mal
- expensive
- Antonym: barato
Woleaian
Pronunciation
Noun
mal
- bird
Zou
Noun
mal
- thigh
References
- Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 45
Source: wiktionary.org