die paswette tydens die apartheidsjare - the pass laws during the years of apartheid
References
2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
Albanian
Alternative forms
mbas — Tosk, Standard Albanian
mas — Gheg
Etymology
From Proto-Albanian*pa ̊, from Proto-Indo-European*pós(“directly to, at, after”). Cognate to Ancient Greekπός(pós, “at, to, by”), Old Church Slavonicпо(po, “behind, after”).
Preposition
pas (+ablative)
behind, beyond
after
at
over
against
Adverb
pas
behind
after
hence
Derived terms
pasi
pastaj
pasojë
pasardhës
Related terms
pa
mbasi
mbas
Antillean Creole
Conjunction
pas
because
Aragonese
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ˈpas/
Rhymes: -as
Syllabification: pas
Adverb
pas
emphasises a negation; (not) at all; (not) ever
See also
no
Asturian
Noun
pasm pl
plural of pá
Azerbaijani
Noun
pas (definite accusativepası, pluralpaslar)
rust
deteriorated state of iron or steel
disease of plants
(figurative) shame, disgrace, infamy
Synonym:eyib
Declension
Related terms
pasaq
Further reading
“pas” in Obastan.com.
Bau Bidayuh
Noun
pas
squirrel (rodent)
Catalan
Pronunciation
IPA(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian)[ˈpas]
Etymology 1
Inherited from Old Catalanpas, from Latinpassus(“step”). Its use as an auxiliary adverb comes from an accusative use (Latin nec…passum) in negative constructions – literally ‘not…a step’, i.e. ‘not at all’ – originally used with certain verbs of motion. Compare similarly used Frenchpas. Cognate with Galician and Spanishpaso and Portuguesepasso.
Noun
pasm (pluralpassos)
pace, step
(historical, measure) paso, Spanish pace, a traditional unit of length
(figuratively) pace, action
pace, gait, rhythm of walking
Synonyms
passa
Coordinate terms
(unit of length):peu(⅕ pas), vara(⅗ pas), braça(1⅕ pas)
Derived terms
passet
Related terms
passar
Adverb
pas
(in negative sentences)used to intensify negation: at all, ever
No feu pas això ― Do not ever do this
No serà pas important. ― It won't matter. (literally, “It won't be so important.”)
Usage notes
The main marker of negation in Catalan is the adverb no. No is placed before the verbs, while pas is usually placed after it. Unlike Occitan or French, where pas and pas is a mandatory negative particle (under many circumstances); in Catalan, pas is only used as an optional intensifier of negation. However, some northern dialects use "pas" instead of "no" as the mandatory negative particle. Also, in many dialects "pas" has totally disappeared.
Etymology 2
Deverbal from passar.
Noun
pasm (pluralpassos)
passing
crossing
pas zebra ― zebra crossing
passage
ritu de pas ― rite of passage
pitch (distance between evenly spaced objects)
pas de rosca ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
pas polar ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Derived terms
de pas
pas a nivell
pas de vianants
pas zebra
References
“pas” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
“pas”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
“pas” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
“pas” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Chuukese
Preposition
pas
past
Cypriot Arabic
Etymology
From Arabicبَاسَ(bāsa).
Verb
pasI (presentpipús)(transitive)
to kiss
References
Borg, Alexander (2004) A Comparative Glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic–English) (Handbook of Oriental Studies; I.70), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 168
Czech
Pronunciation
IPA(key): [ˈpas]
Etymology 1
Noun
pasm inan
Alternative form of pás(“waist”)
Declension
Etymology 2
Noun
pasm inan
passport
Declension
Etymology 3
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
pas
second-person singular imperative of pást
Further reading
pas in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
pas in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
Deverbal from passen, from Middle Dutchpassen, from pas, from Old Frenchpas, from Latinpassus. Equivalent to a derivation from etymology 2.
Adverb
pas
just, recently
hardly
only, not until, not any sooner
now … really
Descendants
Afrikaans: pas
Negerhollands: pas
→ Aukan: pasi pasi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: pás
→ Caribbean Javanese: pas
→ Indonesian: pas
→ Volapük: pas
Adjective
pas (used only predicatively, not comparable)
fitting, having a proper fit, having the correct size and shape
Derived terms
waterpas
Descendants
→ Indonesian: pas
Etymology 2
From Middle Dutchpas, from Old Frenchpas, from Latinpassus.
Noun
pasm (pluralpassen, diminutivepasjen)
pace, step; also as a measure of distance
(geography) mountain pass
fit of an object, notably depending on forms and/or dimensions
Derived terms
bergpas
danspas
looppas
wandelpas
Descendants
Afrikaans: pas
→ Indonesian: pas
Etymology 3
From paspoort or from etymology 2.
Noun
pasm (pluralpassen, diminutivepasjen)
pass, passport (travel document)
identification document
Derived terms
bankpas
betaalpas
ledenpas
pasfoto
pinpas
reispas
Descendants
Afrikaans: pas
→ Caribbean Javanese: layang pas
→ Indonesian: pas
→ Papiamentu: pas
Etymology 4
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
pas
inflection of passen:
first-person singular present indicative
imperative
Anagrams
sap
Epigraphic Mayan
Verb
pas
to open
Finnish
Etymology
< passata
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ˈpɑs/, [ˈpɑ̝s̠]
Rhymes: -ɑs
Syllabification(key): pas
Interjection
pas
(card games) I pass!
Further reading
“pas”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03
French
Etymology
Inherited from Old Frenchpas, from Latinpassus.
Its use as an auxiliary negative adverb comes from an accusative use (Latinnec… passum) in negative constructions – literally “not… a step”, i.e. “not at all” – originally used with certain verbs of motion. In older French other nouns could also be used in this way, such as ne… goutte(“not… a drop”) and ne… mie(“not… a crumb”), but in the modern language pas has become grammaticalized.
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /pa/, /pɑ/
Rhymes: -a, -ɑ
Noun
pasm (pluralpas)
step, pace, footstep
(geography) strait, pass
Pas de Calais ― Strait of Dover
thread, pitch (of a screw or nut)
Derived terms
Adverb
pas
The most common adverb of negation in French, typically translating into English as not, don't, doesn't, etc.
Usage notes
The adverb of negation pas is normally used in conjunction with the particle ne, as in the examples Je ne sais pas and Ma grande sœur n’habite pas avec nous above. In colloquial language, ne can be dropped, as in the example J'veux pas travailler above.
Word order:
Pas directly follows the inflected verb, which itself follows the particle ne;
Il ne mangepas. ― He's not eating.
Ne le touchezpas. ― Don't touch him.
in compound verb structures it is placed between the inflected auxiliary and the participle.
Il n’apasmangé. ― He didn't eat.
When negating an infinitive verb, pas normally follows ne and precedes that verb in the construction ne pas + infinitive (though the sequence ne + infinitive + pas was common in the Classical French of the 17th and 18th centuries).
Il a reçu une leçon à ne pas oublier. ― He received a lesson not to be forgotten.
pas can be placed before an adverb that modifies all or part of a verbal syntagma, but it directly follows an adverb that modifies the whole sentence.
Je n’ai pas vraiment compris. ― I didn't truly understand.
Il n’est probablement pas arrivé. ― He probably hasn't arrived.
Certain adverbs (e.g. même) can be used before or after pas without affecting the meaning of the phrase. With other adverbs (e.g. toujours), there may be considerable difference in meaning depending on whether pas comes before or after.
pas toujours ― not always
toujours pas ― still not
Synonyms
point
Derived terms
Related terms
passage
passer
References
Friulian
Etymology
From Latinpassus.
Noun
pasm (pluralpass)
step, footstep
pace
Related terms
passâ
Indonesian
Pronunciation
IPA(key): [ˈpas]
Hyphenation: pas
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Dutchpassend, pas, from Middle Dutchpas, passen, from Old Frenchpas, from Latinpassus, pandere(“to spread, unfold, stretch”), from Proto-Indo-European*patno-, *pete-(“to spread, stretch out”).
Sense of "to pass, to achieve a successful outcome from" is semantic loan from Malaypas or Englishpass which both are cognate of above.
Noun
pas (pluralpas-pas, first-person possessivepasku, second-person possessivepasmu, third-person possessivepasnya)
pass, permission or license to pass, or to go and come
mountain pass
Related terms
Adjective
pas (comparativelebih pas, superlativepaling pas)
(colloquial)fit, suitable, proper.
Derived terms
Related terms
Verb
pas
to pass, to achieve a successful outcome from
Synonym:lulus
Etymology 2
Possibly borrowed and adapted from Dutchpas, a deverbal from passen, from Middle Dutchpassen, from pas, from Old Frenchpas, from Latinpassus. Therefore related to etymology 1.
Adverb
pas
(colloquial, nonstandard) only, not until, not any sooner
(colloquial, nonstandard) when, at the time of
Conjunction
pas
(colloquial, nonstandard) when
Synonyms:saat, ketika
Preposition
pas
(colloquial, nonstandard) during, at the time of
Usage notes
The word is very often used in casual and colloquial exchanges. However, the adverb's etymology is unusually scarcely scrutinized despite its common occurrences in day-to-day speech.
Etymology 3
Noun
pas (first-person possessivepasku, second-person possessivepasmu, third-person possessivepasnya)
(archaic)Alternative spelling of opas.
References
Further reading
“pas” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
(after the verb) not (negates the meaning of a verb)
Intensifies adverbs of negation
pas jamai ― never ever
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Noun
pasm
step, pace
Old French
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ˈpas/
Etymology 1
From Latinpassus.
Noun
pasoblique singular, m (oblique pluralpas, nominative singularpas, nominative pluralpas)
pace; step
Descendants
→ English: pace
Middle French: pas
Etymology 2
From Latinpastus(“pasture”).
Noun
pasoblique singular, m (oblique pluralpas, nominative singularpas, nominative pluralpas)
Alternative form of past
See also
repast
Papiamentu
Etymology
From Portuguesepaz and Spanishpaz and Kabuverdianupás.
Noun
pas
peace
Phalura
Etymology
From Pashto [script needed] (pas).
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /pas/
Postposition
pas (پس)
after
References
Liljegren, Henrik, Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[2], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Polish
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /pas/
Rhymes: -as
Syllabification: pas
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Slavic*pojasъ.
Noun
pasm inan
belt
lane (lengthwise division of roadway)
(heraldry) fess
(anatomy) waist
Declension
Alternative forms
pás(obsolete, dialectal)
Descendants
→ Belarusian: пас(pas)
→ Yiddish: פּאַס(pas)
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Frenchpasse.
Noun
pasm inan
(card games) pass
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Borrowed from Frenchpas.
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /pa/
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: pas
Noun
pasm inan
pas, step
Further reading
pas in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
“pas”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
Spanish
Noun
pasm pl
plural of pa
Tatar
Alternative forms
bas
Noun
pas
price
Tok Pisin
Etymology
From Englishpouch.
Noun
pas
pouch
Derived terms
skin pas(“envelope”)
Adjective
pas
closed; shut; sealed
Derived terms
ai i pas
bel i pas
pas maus
Related terms
pasim
Turkish
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ˈpɑs/
Hyphenation: pas
Etymology 1
Inherited from Ottoman Turkishپاس(“rust”), ultimately from Proto-Turkic*bas(“residue”).
Noun
pas (definite accusativepası, pluralpaslar)
rust (oxidation of metal)
Declension
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Englishpass or from Frenchpasse.
Noun
pas (definite accusativepası, pluralpaslar)
(sports) pass (The act of moving the ball or puck from one player to another.)
Derived terms
Related terms
pasör
Interjection
pas
(card games)A phrase indicating that the player is declining to play their turn; I pass
Further reading
“pas”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “pas1”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “pas2”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Ayverdi, İlhan (2010) “pas”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “pas”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3708
Volapük
Etymology
Apparently introduced by Arie de Jong in Volapük Nulik. If so, probably borrowed from Dutchpas.